Home tab:-

Alignment group:- 

1. Orientation:- 

Rotate text to a diagonal angle or vertical orientation. 

Orientation in Excel refers to the direction of the page when printed. There are two primary orientations:

1. Portrait Orientation:

• Vertical: This is the default orientation, where the page is taller than it is wide.
• Best for: Documents with more vertical content, such as long lists, columns of data, or text-heavy reports.

2. Landscape Orientation:

• Horizontal: The page is wider than it is tall.
• Best for: Documents with wider content, such as spreadsheets with many columns, charts, or images.

How to Change Orientation:

1. Select the Worksheet: Click on the worksheet tab you want to change.
2. Go to the Page Layout Tab: Locate the “Page Layout” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Choose Orientation: In the “Page Setup” group, click the “Orientation” button and select either “Portrait” or “Landscape.”

2. Wrap Text:- 

Make all contents visible with in a cell by displaying it on multiple lines. 

Wrap Text in Excel

Wrap Text is a feature in Excel that allows you to display long text within a single cell, automatically breaking the text into multiple lines. This is useful when you have text that exceeds the width of a cell and you want to avoid manually inserting line breaks.

How to Wrap Text:

1. Select the Cell(s): Click on the cell(s) where you want to wrap text.
2. Activate Wrap Text:
   • Method 1: Using the Ribbon:
     • Go to the Home
     • In the Alignment group, click the Wrap Text
   • Method 2: Using the Keyboard Shortcut:
     • Press Alt + H + W on your keyboard.

Once you enable Wrap Text, the text in the selected cells will automatically adjust to fit within the cell’s width, wrapping to the next line as needed.

3. Merge and centre:- 

Joins the selected cell into one larger cell and centers the contents the new cell.

Merge and Center in Excel

This feature in Excel allows you to combine multiple cells into a single larger cell and center the content within it. This is often used for creating headings or titles that span across multiple columns.

Here’s how to merge and center cells:

1. Select the Cells: Click and drag your mouse to select the cells you want to merge.
2. Click Merge & Center:
   • Go to the Home tab on the ribbon.
   • In the Alignment group, click the Merge & Center

This will combine the selected cells into one larger cell and center the content within it.

Important Note:

• Data Loss: When you merge cells, any data in the merged cells, except for the top-left cell, will be lost. So, ensure that the important data is in the top-left cell before merging.

Number group:- 

1. Accounting number formatting:- 

Accounting number formatting in Excel is a specific format that aligns decimal points and adds currency symbols consistently. It’s particularly useful for financial reports and other documents where precise and professional formatting is essential.

Here’s how to apply accounting number formatting:

1. Select the Cells: Select the cells you want to format.
2. Open the Format Cells Dialog Box:
   • Method 1: Ribbon
     • Go to the Home
     • In the Number group, click the small arrow next to the number format dropdown.
   • Method 2: Keyboard Shortcut
     • Press Ctrl+1.

3. Choose the Accounting Format:
   • In the Category list, select Accounting.
4. Customize the Format (Optional):
   • Symbol: Choose the desired currency symbol from the Symbol
   • Decimal Places: Specify the number of decimal places you want to display.
   • Negative Numbers: Choose how negative numbers should be displayed (e.g., red font, parentheses).
5. Click OK: This will apply the accounting format to the selected cells.

Choose an alternative currency format for the selected cell. 

If you want to change the currency we have to fallow fallowing syntax. 

⮚ Start 

⮚ Settings 

⮚ Control panel 

⮚ Regional and language options 

⮚ customize 

⮚ Currency 

⮚ Delete $  

⮚ Type Rs 

⮚ apply  

⮚ Ok 

⮚ Apply 

⮚ Ok 

2. Percent style (ctrl + shift + %) :- 

Displaying the value of the cell as a percentage. 

The Percent Style format in Excel is used to display numbers as percentages. It’s particularly useful for calculations involving ratios, rates, and probabilities.

How to Apply Percent Style:

1. Select the Cells: Select the cells containing the numbers you want to format as percentages.
2. Use the Keyboard Shortcut: Press Ctrl+Shift+%.
3. Use the Ribbon:
   • Go to the Home
   • In the Number group, click the Percent Style

3. Comma style:- 

 Displaying the value of the cell with a thousand separator. 

Comma style is a number format in Excel that separates thousands with commas. It’s particularly useful for large numbers, making them easier to read and interpret.

How to Apply Comma Style:

1. Select the Cells: Select the cells containing the numbers you want to format.
2. Use the Keyboard Shortcut: Press Ctrl+Shift+ , (comma).
3. Use the Ribbon:
   • Go to the Home
   • In the Number group, click the Comma Style

Example:

If a cell contains the number 1234567, applying the Comma Style will display it as 1,234,567.

4. Increase decimal:- 

Show more precise values by showing more decimal places. 

To increase the number of decimal places displayed in a cell in Excel, you can use one of the following methods:

Method 1: Using the Ribbon

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Go to the Home tab: Click on the “Home” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the “Increase Decimal” button: In the “Number” group, repeatedly click the “Increase Decimal” button until the desired number of decimal places is displayed.

Method 2: Using the Keyboard Shortcut

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Press Ctrl+Shift+1: This shortcut will increase the number of decimal places by one each time you press it.

Example:

If a cell contains the number 3.14 and you want to display it as 3.14159, you can click the “Increase Decimal” button three times.

5. Decrease decimal:- 

Show less precise values by showing fewer decimal places.  

Decreasing Decimal Places in Excel

To decrease the number of decimal places displayed in a cell in Excel, you can use the following methods:

Method 1: Using the Ribbon

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Go to the Home tab: Click on the “Home” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the “Decrease Decimal” button: In the “Number” group, repeatedly click the “Decrease Decimal” button until the desired number of decimal places is displayed.

Method 2: Using the Keyboard Shortcut

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Press Ctrl+Shift+- (minus sign): This shortcut will decrease the number of decimal places by one each time you press it.

Example:

If a cell contains the number 3.14159 and you want to display it as 3.14, you can click the “Decrease Decimal” button twice.

Styles Group:- 

1. Conditional formatting:- 

Highlight interesting cells, emphasize unusual values, and visualize data using data bars, color scales and  icon sets based on criteria. 

Conditional formatting is a powerful feature in Excel that allows you to apply specific formatting to cells based on certain conditions. This can help you visually highlight important data, identify trends, and make your spreadsheets more informative.

How to Apply Conditional Formatting:

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Go to the “Home” tab: Click on the “Home” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the “Conditional Formatting” button: In the “Styles” group, click the “Conditional Formatting” button.
4. Choose a Rule: Select a rule from the dropdown menu. Here are some common rules:
   • Highlight Cell Rules:
     • Greater Than
     • Less Than
     • Between
     • Equal To
     • Text that Contains
     • A Formula
   • Top/Bottom Rules:
     • Top 10 Items
     • Top 10% Items
     • Bottom 10 Items
     • Bottom 10% Items
   • Data Bars:
     • Data Bars
   • Color Scales:
     • Color Scales
   • Icon Sets:
     • Icon Sets

5. Set the Condition: Depending on the rule you choose, you’ll need to set a specific condition. For example, if you want to highlight cells with values greater than 100, you would set the condition to “Greater Than 100.”
6. Choose the Format: Select the desired format for the cells that meet the condition. This can include font color, fill color, font style, and more.
7. Click “OK” to apply the formatting.

2. Format as Table:- 

Quickly format a range of cells and convert it to a table by choosing a predefined table styles.

Steps to Format Data as a Table:

1. Select Your Data Range: Click and drag to select the range of cells containing your data.
2. Insert Table:
   • Method 1: Using the Ribbon
     • Go to the Insert
     • In the Tables group, click the Insert Table
   • Method 2: Using the Keyboard Shortcut
     • Press Ctrl+T.

3. Confirm the Range: Excel will automatically detect the range of your data. If it’s correct, click OK. If not, adjust the range and click OK.

1. Cell styles:- 

Quickly format a cell by a choosing from predefined styles. 

You can also define your own cell styles. 

How to Apply Cell Styles:

1. Select the Cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to format.
2. Go to the Home Tab: Click on the “Home” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the “Cell Styles” Button: In the “Styles” group, click the “Cell Styles” button.
4. Choose a Cell Style: Select the desired cell style from the dropdown menu.

Creating Custom Cell Styles:

1. Select the Cells: Select the cells that are already formatted the way you want your custom style to look.
2. Create a New Style:
   • Go to the “Home” tab.
   • In the “Styles” group, click the “Create New Style” button.
3. Customize the Style: In the “New Style” dialog box, you can customize the following:
   • Name: Give your style a descriptive name.
   • Format: Adjust the font, font size, font color, fill color, number format, alignment, and borders.
   • Based on: Choose a base style for your new style.
4. Click “OK” to create the new style.

Cells Group:- 

1. Insert cells:- 

Insert cells, rows, and columns into the table or sheet. 

Inserting Cells in Excel

Inserting cells in Excel allows you to add new rows or columns to your worksheet. This is useful for adding new data, reorganizing your data, or adjusting the layout of your spreadsheet.

How to Insert Cells:

1. Inserting a Single Row or Column:

• Right-click on the desired row or column header: A context menu will appear.
• Select “Insert”: This will insert a new row or column above or to the left of the selected row or column.

2. Inserting Multiple Rows or Columns:

• Select multiple rows or columns: Click and drag to select the desired number of rows or columns.
• Right-click on the selected rows or columns: A context menu will appear.
• Select “Insert”: This will insert the same number of rows or columns above or to the left of the selected rows or columns.

3. Inserting Cells Within a Range:

• Select the cell where you want to insert a new cell: This could be a single cell or a range of cells.
• Right-click on the selected cell(s): A context menu will appear.
• Select “Insert”: This will open a dialog box where you can choose to insert cells:
  • Shift cells right: Shifts existing cells to the right.
  • Shift cells down: Shifts existing cells down.
  • Entire row: Inserts a new row above the selected row.
  • Entire column: Inserts a new column to the left of the selected column.

2. Delete cells:- 

Delete cells , rows, and columns from the table or sheet.

Deleting cells in Excel is a common operation used to remove unwanted data or to reorganize your spreadsheet. Here are two primary methods to delete cells:

1. Deleting Entire Rows or Columns:

• Select the Rows or Columns: Click and drag to select the desired rows or columns.
• Right-click on the Selection: A context menu will appear.
• Choose “Delete”: This will remove the selected rows or columns.

2. Deleting Cells Within a Range:

• Select the Cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to delete.
• Right-click on the Selection: A context menu will appear.
• Choose “Delete”: This will open a dialog box with the following options:
  • Shift cells left: Shifts cells to the left of the deleted cells to fill the gap.
  • Shift cells up: Shifts cells below the deleted cells to fill the gap.
  • Entire row: Deletes the entire row containing the selected cells.
  • Entire column: Deletes the entire column containing the selected cells.

Editing Group:- 

14. Auto sum (ALT + =):- 

Display sum of the selected cells directly after the selected cells. 

AutoSum in Excel: A Quick Way to Calculate Totals

AutoSum is a powerful feature in Excel that automatically calculates the sum of a range of cells. This is a time-saving tool that can help you quickly analyze your data.

How to Use AutoSum:

1. Select a Cell: Choose a cell where you want the sum to appear. This cell should be adjacent to the numbers you want to add.
2. Use the AutoSum Button:
   • Home Tab: Go to the “Home” tab and click the “AutoSum” button (Σ symbol).
   • Keyboard Shortcut: Press Alt+=.
3. Excel Automatically Selects a Range: Excel will automatically select the range of cells that it thinks you want to sum.
4. Press Enter: This will insert the SUM formula into the selected cell, calculating the total of the selected range.

Example:

If you have a column of numbers in cells A1 to A5, you can quickly calculate the total by:

1. Selecting cell A6.
2. Pressing Alt+=.

Excel will automatically insert the formula =SUM(A1:A5) in cell A6, and the total of the numbers in cells A1 to A5 will be displayed.

Fill:- 

To display the list of Auto Fill options, click the Auto Fill Options button. The list of options varies according to the type of data: text and formulas, numbers, months, days of the week, and dates.

How to Use the Fill Handle:

1. Select a Cell or Range of Cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to fill.
2. Hover Over the Fill Handle: The mouse pointer will change to a small black cross.
3. Drag the Fill Handle: Click and drag the fill handle in the desired direction.

 Clear:- 

You can clear cells to remove the cell contents (formulas and data), formats (including number formats, conditional formats, and borders), and any attached comments.  

The cleared cells remain as blank or unformatted cells on the worksheet. 

Clearing Cells in Excel

Clearing cells in Excel means removing specific elements from cells, such as content, formatting, or comments. Here’s how you can do it:

Clearing Content, Formats, or Comments

1. Select the cells: Click and drag to select the cells you want to clear.
2. Go to the Home tab: Click on the “Home” tab in the Excel ribbon.
3. Click the “Clear” button: In the “Editing” group, click the small arrow next to the “Clear” button.
4. Choose an option:
   • Clear All: Removes all content, formats, and comments from the selected cells.
   • Clear Formats: Removes only the formatting from the selected cells, leaving the content intact.
   • Clear Contents: Removes only the content from the selected cells, leaving the formatting intact.